Steganography refers to hiding encrypted data or information inside of a common or completely innocent looking file such as an image, audio, or video file.
For all intents and purposes, most people will never be aware that the file is more than it appears to be, thus providing a nice hiding place in plain sight.
If someone does become aware of the ‘extra data’ in a file, it can be identified as encrypted data or information, but will be undecipherable without the decryption key.
An Arachniography is the web-based equivalent of a bibliography. Taking things one step further, an annotated Arachniography is the web-based version of an annotated bibliography.
Andrew J. Butrica of NASA was the person responsible for coining the term during his work on the history of NASA’s X-33 project.
The first iPod was developed in less than a year and although it didn't flip the
music industry upside down overnight – in fact received a lot of criticism – it
laid the conceptual framework for grander things to come. Powered by a dual-core
90MHz ARM-based PortalPlayer processor and 5GB 4200RPM Toshiba HDD (a 10GB
version came later), the rudimentary device only supported Mac computers as well
as AAC, MP3 and WAV audio files. The first version of iTunes for Mac was
released the same year in January. Also: Watch the 
Apple's second-generation music player arrived less than a year after the
original device and brought several refinements including a cover for the
FireWire port, an improved Hold switch and double the storage capacity. It also
abandoned the first-gen's mechanical scroll wheel in favor of the
touch-sensitive wheel used on many future iPods. This model introduced support
for Windows via Musicmatch, prior to this tech-savvy users were forced to use
workarounds for Windows compatibility.
By April 2003, Apple prepared a full redesign of the iPod, adding an all-touch
interface, a dock connector, a slimmer body and the maximum storage capacity was
doubled to 40GB. The company also brought its own media platform (iTunes 4.1) to
Windows, severing ties with Musicmatch. The iPod's increasing popularity
prompted retailers Best Buy, Target and Dell to carry the device between 2002
and 2003. Microsoft and Creative prepared their rivals, the Media2Go and Nomad
Zen.
After focusing on adding features to its original design, Apple went back to the
drawing board and introduced a scaled-down minimalist iPod. The $249 iPod Mini
was the first to have Apple's Click Wheel and only offered 4GB of storage.
Despite its slimmer, trendier design, many criticized the device's value. Around
the same time, Apple replaced its $299 10GB iPod with a 15GB model, forcing
retailers to reduce the 10GB model to $249. This caused consumers to be even
more skeptical of the Mini.
The first fourth-gen version came in July with a redesigned Hold switch and the
iPod Mini's Click Wheel. In October, Apple introduced a premium version called
the iPod Photo ($499-$599), which had improved battery life (15 hours versus
12), a color screen and support for common image formats, which was especially
cool for album art. In February 2005, Apple replaced the 40GB iPod Photo with a
thinner, cheaper 30GB model. By June, it decided to merge the iPod Photo and
iPod “Classic” lines. (Picture shows first U2 special edition iPod).
Shrinking its media player further, Apple introduced the first iPod Shuffle in
early 2005. It served as an entry-level model with only 512MB or 1GB of storage
and no display. Pricing was originally set at $99-$149. The second-gen Shuffle
arrived well over a year later. It was roughly half the size of its predecessor
with a belt clip and a more attractive aluminum case. Apple called it the "most
wearable iPod ever." Despite its smaller size, it doubled storage capacities to
1GB and 2GB.
The second-gen iPod Mini landed shortly after the first Shuffle and offered an
incredible battery life of 18 hours (the first Mini lasted 8 hours). It also
introduced a 6GB model along with minor cosmetic tweaks. The Mini line was
discontinued later in 2005 when Apple shipped the first iPod Nano, which was
essentially a smaller version of the Mini (half the thickness and roughly 11mm
narrower). However, it had less maximum storage (4GB max versus 6GB) and a
shorter 14-hour battery life.
2005 was a monumental period for the iPod. Along with refining the fourth-gen
iPod and releasing the Mini 2, Nano 1, Shuffle 1, Apple unveiled a completely
redesigned fifth-gen iPod with a thinner case, a larger 2.5-inch 320 x 240
screen, and support for common video formats such as MP4 and H.264. The latter
feature earned it the nickname "iPod Video." Additionally, sales skyrocketed
400% to 22.5 million units this year, dwarfing all previous years combined.
Compared to the year prior, 2006 was fairly mild for the iPod, though its sales
remained strong and represented nearly half of Apple's total revenue. It brought
a new version of the increasingly popular Nano, which offered a
scratch-resistant anodized aluminum casing, more color choices, a brighter
display, double the storage size and a huge boost in battery life from 14 to 24
hours. The second-gen Shuffle was also released, as was a 80GB version of the
fifth-gen iPod.
In an ironic twist, considering the iPod is arguably responsible for the
iPhone's creation, Apple introduced the music player's greatest overhaul.
Utilizing existing iPhone hardware and software, it was the first iPod to
feature a multitouch display and Wi-Fi, the latter of which allowed users to
browse the Web via Safari as well as access the iTunes Store and YouTube. It
only lacked the iPhone's cellular connectivity and services along with its
speakers and camera.
The "Classic" branding for the traditional iPod didn't come until its sixth
generation. Apple's latest addition shed the familiar white polycarbonate front
plate for silver anodized aluminum and it abandoned the special edition models.
It also had a thinner shell, a revamped user interface, and offered up to 36
hours of music and 6 hours of video playback.
The fourth-gen Nano reintroduced the elongated shell, though Apple managed to
shave 0.5mm off the thickness and 12.5mm off the weight despite adding a larger
display, more storage, as well as an accelerometer for horizontal viewing
(videos, namely) and the ability to shuffle songs by shaking the device. This
design was refined the following year as the fifth-gen iPod Nano gained a larger
screen, a camera, an FM radio, a speaker, a pedometer, improved jack placement
and a polished paint job.
As with the iPhone, the iPod Touch remained largely unchanged through its first
few revisions. The second-gen device received a tapered chrome back, volume
buttons and a built-in speaker. More importantly, it was the first iPod to ship
with Apple's recently launched App Store. Unsurprisingly, the third-gen iPod
Touch mirrored the iPhone 3GS' changes, which included a quicker processor and
graphics core, more RAM, Voice Control support, and a model with 64GB of flash
storage.
Although Apple refreshed the second-gen Shuffle several times with new colors,
the series went nearly three years without a serious overhaul. Its successor
shipped in March 2009 with twice the storage (4GB), a smaller body that was
reminiscent of Apple's first Shuffle design, and a completely new interface.
Instead of hardware buttons on the device itself, Apple moved the volume and
playback controls to the right earbud cable and introduced VoiceOver
functionality for hands-free control.
The sixth (and current) generation iPod Nano borrowed elements from 2007's
iteration but it delivered what the third-gen couldn't: a touchscreen. The
device features a 240 x 240 multitouch display and given its 1.47 x 1.61-inch
dimensions, Apple cut its predecessor's camera and video playback, but retained
functionality relevant to active users like the pedometer. Meanwhile, the
fourth-gen iPod Shuffle essentially serves as an entry-level Nano without its
touchscreen interface and accelerometer.
Some three years and four generations after the first touchscreen model, iPod
sales began a noticeable decline -- a fate largely induced by the iPhone and
competing Android handsets. The line between portable music players and
smartphones (especially the iPod Touch and iPhone) has grown incredibly blurred.
Nonetheless, the fourth-gen iPod Touch represents Apple's finest offering to
date with a high-res "Retina" display, Apple's A4 SoC, as well as front and rear
cameras for FaceTime and video recording.
