Vi is a powerful text editor included on most Linux systems. Many people swear by vi and find it faster than any other editor once they’ve learned its key bindings. You can even use vi key bindings in Bash.
We’ve already covered getting started with vi for beginners. If you haven’t used vi in a while, you might want to give that post a look to get a refresher on the basics.
Mode Switching
As a short recap, vi is a modal editor – there’s an insert mode and a standard command mode. In insert mode, vi functions similar to a normal text editor. In command mode, you take advantage of these key bindings.
- i – Enter insert mode.
- Escape – Leave insert mode. If you’re already in command mode, Escape does nothing, so you can press Escape to ensure you’re in command mode.
Moving the Cursor
Vi uses the hjkl keys to move the cursor in command mode. Early computer systems didn’t always have arrow keys, so these keys were used instead. One advantage of these keyboard shortcuts is that you don’t have to move your fingers from the home row to use them.
- h – Move cursor left.
- j – Move cursor down.
- k – Move cursor left.
- l – Move cursor right.
You can also use search commands to quickly move the cursor.
- / – Type a / followed by some text you want to find and press Enter to quickly move your cursor to the location of the text in the file. For example, if you have the word iguana in your file, type /iguana and press Enter to quickly move the cursor there.
- ? – Like /, but searches backwards.
- f – Type an f followed by any character to quickly move the cursor to the next occurrence of the character on the current line. For example, if you have the line “Hello world” on a line and your cursor is at the beginning of the line, type fo to move to the o in Hello. Type fo again to move to the o in world.
- F – Like f, but searches backwards.
- % – Jump between the nearest (), [], or {} characters on the line.
Use these commands to quickly move to locations in the file:
- H – Move cursor to highest (top) line in file.
- M – Move cursor to middle line in file.
- L – Move cursor to lowest (bottom) line in file.
- #G – Type a number and then type G to go to that line in the file. For example, type 4G and press Enter to move to the fourth line in the file.
Moving between words:
- w – Move forward a word.
- #w – Move forward a number of words. For example, 2w moves forward two words.
- b – Move back a word.
- #b – Move back a number of words. For example, 3b moves back three words.
- e – Move to end of the current word.
Copying & Pasting
Vi refers to the act of copying as “yanking.”
- v – Press v and move the cursor to select a section of text.
- y – Copy (yank) the selected text.
- p – Paste at cursor.
- x – Cuts the selected text. Cuts the character under the cursor if no text is selected
- r – Type r and then type another character to replace the character under the cursor.
Combining Commands
Some commands – including the y and v commands above and the d (delete) command accept cursor motion commands.
For example, when you press d to delete some text, nothing will happen until you enter a cursor motion command. For example:
- dw – Deletes the next word.
- db – Deletes the previous word
- de – Deletes to the end of the current word.
- dL – Deletes all text below the cursor in the file.
- d/unicorn – After pressing Enter, deletes all text between the cursor and the word “unicorn” in the current file.
- dd – Deletes an entire line.
As you can see, the combination of combining a command with a cursor movement command is very powerful.
Repeat & Undo
Vi’s repeat command is very powerful, as it can repeat complex, combined commands.
- u – Undo.
- . – The . repeats the last full command. The insert command also functions as a command here. For example, type iunicorn and press Escape. You can then use the . key to insert the word unicorn at the cursor.
Bonus: Using Vi Key Bindings in Bash
Once you’ve mastered the vi key bindings, you may want to use them elsewhere on your system. No problem – you can set the Bash shell to use vi-style key bindings.
Try this out in the current session by running the following command in a Bash terminal:
set -o vi
Bash will start in insert mode – press Escape to enter command mode and use these key bindings.
If you like this, you can add the command to your ~/.bashrc file and it will be automatically run each time you log in. Use the vi .bashrc command to open and edit the file in vi.
This isn’t a complete list of key bindings for vi, but it should help you flex your vi wings and learn to fly. This list of key bindings at Harvard’s website is more complete and has more information, although it’s less organized and harder to digest all at once.
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